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Harvard Style of Citing References |
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Quotations If the quotation is less than one line, include it in the body of the text in double quotation marks. The quotation is followed immediately by the in-text citation. Longer quotations should be indented, single-spaced, and appear in double quotation marks. If necessary, use an ellipsis ( ... ) to cut superfluous words from a long quotation and show the reader that some text has been omitted. For a direct quotation, the relevant page number(s) should always be given, after the year and within the brackets. |
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General Quotations |
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| In text: | ||
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e.g. Northern Ireland’s economic development “lies primarily not in the hands of the government but of companies.” (Quigley, 2015, p.43). or “In some regions of the world, CSR is mainly about philanthropy … But the current debate on CSR has tended to emphatically claim that ‘real’ CSR is about more than just philanthropy and community giving, but about how the entire operations of the firm … impact upon society.” (Crane et al., 2014, p.12). |
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Quotations from plays |
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| In text: | ||
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Published plays may contain line numbers, particularly in classic texts such as Shakespeare. If they exist, include them in the format Act number.Scene number:Line number(s). e.g. “I prithee do not mock me fellow student” (Shakespeare, 1998, 1.2:184). |
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| In your list of references the standard rule applies: | ||
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Author's Surname(s), INITIALS. (Year of Publication) Title. Edition (if needed). Place of Publication: Publisher. e.g. Shakespeare, W. (1998). Hamlet. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. |
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Quotations taken from a live performance |
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| In text: | ||
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Include both the name of the actor/performer and the role/character name (if relevant) in the body of the essay only, along with the quoted line(s). Put single quote marks around the character/role name. Cite the author of the work and the year of the performance after the quotation, e.g. The audience laughed warmly as Amy McAllister’s ‘Kes’ complained: “Wake up and boobs. You know? Like, no one asked me. Just pop up overnight. Like in Alien. The film? With Sigourney Weaver? Only out of my chest. Twice.” (Gregg, 2018) |
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| In your list of references: | ||
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Reference the author/performance in your full list of references. Author’s Surname, INITIAL(s). (Year of performance) Title of work. Directed by First name Surname. Performance Company. (if appropriate) Location: Venue, Day and Month. e.g. Friel, B. (2013) Translations. Directed by Adrian Dunbar. Dublin: Gaiety Theatre, 26 March. or Jones, M. (2018) A night in November. Directed by Kieran Griffiths. Derry/Londonderry: The Playhouse, 7 November. or Shakespeare, W. (2017) King Lear. Directed by Nancy Meckler. Royal Shakespeare Company. London: Globe Theatre, 10 August. |
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Inserting your own or different words into a quotation |
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Put your own words in square brackets [ ]. e.g. “in this field [crime prevention], community support officers…” (Higgins, 2008, p.17). |
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Spelling or grammatical errors in a quotation |
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Do not correct the error. Keep the original spelling or grammar and insert [sic] after the word. e.g. Martins (2011) noted that “there [sic] minds were made up”. |
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Emphasising part of a quotation |
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Put the words you want to emphasise in italics and indicate in brackets that the emphasis is yours. e.g. "Minimal numbers of men take up netball" (Neville, 2013, p. 98, my emphasis). |
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